{"id":640,"date":"2021-04-15T06:42:29","date_gmt":"2021-04-15T04:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/?p=640"},"modified":"2023-02-01T14:54:39","modified_gmt":"2023-02-01T13:54:39","slug":"vsudypritomna-uzitecna-ale-i-zatracovana-kopriva-dvoudoma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/?p=640","title":{"rendered":"V\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1, u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1, ale i zatracovan\u00e1 kop\u0159iva dvoudom\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Nen\u00ed snad nikdo, kdo by neznal kop\u0159ivu a jej\u00ed \u017eahav\u00e9 chlupy. Pro\u010d kop\u0159iva p\u00e1l\u00ed a zp\u016fsobuje bolestiv\u00e9 puch\u00fd\u0159e? P\u0159i odlomen\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dky dut\u00e9ho chlupu doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke vzniku ostr\u00e9ho hrotu podobn\u00e9ho injek\u010dn\u00ed jehle a vylit\u00ed p\u00e1liv\u00e9 tekutiny. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se usuzuje, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o sm\u011bs t\u0159\u00ed chemik\u00e1li\u00ed: histaminu, kter\u00fd podr\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed k\u016f\u017ei, acetylcholinu, kter\u00fd vyvol\u00e1 pocit p\u00e1len\u00ed, a serotoninu, kter\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek dvou p\u0159edchoz\u00edch l\u00e1tek zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed. Od prvn\u00edho setk\u00e1n\u00ed v d\u011btsk\u00e9m v\u011bku se tak v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s t\u00e9to vytrval\u00e9 bylin\u011b rad\u011bji obloukem vyhne. I p\u0159esto lid\u00e9 nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed kop\u0159ivy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ji\u017e po tis\u00edcilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jeden z v\u016fbec nejstar\u0161\u00edch dolo\u017een\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f poch\u00e1z\u00ed z pozdn\u00ed doby kamenn\u00e9. Kop\u0159ivov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna byla nalezena u zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho ledov\u00e9ho mu\u017ee \u00d6tziho, kter\u00fd je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edval jako t\u011btivu sv\u00e9ho luku, \u010di k upevn\u011bn\u00ed letov\u00fdch k\u0159id\u00e9lek a \u0161\u00edpov\u00fdch hrot\u016f. Kvalitn\u00edch a pevn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken se v novodob\u00e9 historii vyu\u017e\u00edvalo tak\u00e9 p\u0159i kritick\u00e9m nedostatku bavlny za prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kdy se z kop\u0159iv vyr\u00e1b\u011blo textiln\u00ed pl\u00e1tno na oble\u010den\u00ed (v \u010cech\u00e1ch zn\u00e1me ko\u0161ile \u201ekop\u0159ivky\u201d). Kop\u0159ivov\u00fd \u0161ampon pou\u017eilo z\u0159ejm\u011b alespo\u0148 jednou mnoho z n\u00e1s. I kop\u0159ivov\u00fd \u201e\u0161pen\u00e1t\u201c, n\u00e1divka \u010di \u010daj stoj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na zjara za vyzkou\u0161en\u00ed. Jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 obohacen\u00ed se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 kop\u0159iva do potravy dr\u016fbe\u017ei a je \u017eivnou rostlinou housenek mnoha mot\u00fdl\u016f, nap\u0159. babo\u010dky kop\u0159ivov\u00e9. Od prad\u00e1vna jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jej\u00ed rozmanit\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, o nich\u017e je mo\u017en\u00e9 se do\u010d\u00edst v mnoha knih\u00e1ch. Nam\u00e1tkou lze zm\u00ednit ty antirevmatick\u00e9, protiz\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9 \u010di urychluj\u00edc\u00ed hojen\u00ed ran. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed zauj\u00edm\u00e1 kop\u0159iva i v aplikovan\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu \u2013 jej\u00ed obsahov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jsou \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na pro l\u00e9\u010dbu diabetu druh\u00e9ho typu a rakoviny prostaty.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_641\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-641\" class=\"wp-image-641\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2021\/03\/1_kurdistanica_slozena-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Z\u00e1stupce diploidn\u00edho poddruhu Urtica dioica subsp. kurdistanica s uk\u00e1zkou typick\u00e9ho stanovi\u0161t\u011b (su\u0165ov\u00e9 pole, Anatolsk\u00e1 n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161ina, Turecko). Rostliny jsou rozpoznateln\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1padn\u011b zubat\u00fdm okrajem list\u016f, v\u00fdraznou hustotou \u017eahav\u00fdch chlup\u016f a siln\u011b tuh\u00fdmi a\u017e zd\u0159evnat\u011bl\u00fdmi ko\u0159eny. Foto T. Urfus\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2021\/03\/1_kurdistanica_slozena-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2021\/03\/1_kurdistanica_slozena.jpg 667w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-641\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Z\u00e1stupce diploidn\u00edho poddruhu <em>Urtica dioica<\/em> subsp. <em>kurdistanica<\/em> s uk\u00e1zkou typick\u00e9ho stanovi\u0161t\u011b (su\u0165ov\u00e9 pole, Anatolsk\u00e1 n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161ina, Turecko). Rostliny jsou rozpoznateln\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1padn\u011b zubat\u00fdm okrajem list\u016f, v\u00fdraznou hustotou \u017eahav\u00fdch chlup\u016f a siln\u011b tuh\u00fdmi a\u017e zd\u0159evnat\u011bl\u00fdmi ko\u0159eny. Foto T. Urfus<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>V\u00edce v \u010dl\u00e1nku: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2021\/04\/2020-02-Rejlova.pdf\">Rejlov\u00e1 L., Chumov\u00e1 Z., Tr\u00e1vn\u00ed\u010dek P. &amp; Chrtek J. (2020): V\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1, u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1, ale i zatracovan\u00e1 kop\u0159iva dvoudom\u00e1. Botanika 8\/2: 5\u20137.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Rejlov\u00e1 L., B\u00f6hmov\u00e1 A., Chumov\u00e1 Z., Ho\u0159\u010dicov\u00e1 \u0160., Josefiov\u00e1 J., Schmidt F. A., Tr\u00e1vn\u00ed\u010dek P., Urfus T., V\u00edt P., Chrtek J. (2020): Disparity between morphology and genetics in <em>Urtica dioica<\/em> (Urticaceae). The Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. <u><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/botlinnean\/boaa076\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/botlinnean\/boaa076<\/a><\/u><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Rejlov\u00e1 L., Chrtek J., Tr\u00e1vn\u00ed\u010dek P., Lu\u010danov\u00e1 M., V\u00edt P., Urfus T. (2019): Polyploid evolution: The ultimate way to grasp the nettle. PLos ONE 14(7): e0218389. <u><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218389\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0218389<\/a><\/u><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Rejlov\u00e1 L. &amp; Urfus T. (2018): <em>Urtica kioviensis<\/em> Rogow. \u00d7 <em>Urtica dioica<\/em> L. (J. Hadinec and P. Lustyk, Eds.). <em>Additamenta ad floram Reipublicae Bohemicae XVI. &#8211; Zpr\u00e1vy \u010cesk\u00e9 botanick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti<\/em> 53: 31\u2013112.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nen\u00ed snad nikdo, kdo by neznal kop\u0159ivu a jej\u00ed \u017eahav\u00e9 chlupy. Pro\u010d kop\u0159iva p\u00e1l\u00ed a zp\u016fsobuje bolestiv\u00e9 puch\u00fd\u0159e? P\u0159i odlomen\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dky dut\u00e9ho chlupu doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke vzniku ostr\u00e9ho hrotu podobn\u00e9ho injek\u010dn\u00ed jehle a vylit\u00ed p\u00e1liv\u00e9 tekutiny. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se usuzuje, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o sm\u011bs t\u0159\u00ed chemik\u00e1li\u00ed: histaminu, kter\u00fd podr\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed k\u016f\u017ei, acetylcholinu, kter\u00fd vyvol\u00e1 pocit p\u00e1len\u00ed, a serotoninu, kter\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek dvou p\u0159edchoz\u00edch l\u00e1tek zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed. Od prvn\u00edho setk\u00e1n\u00ed v d\u011btsk\u00e9m v\u011bku se tak v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s t\u00e9to vytrval\u00e9 bylin\u011b rad\u011bji obloukem vyhne. I p\u0159esto lid\u00e9 nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed kop\u0159ivy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ji\u017e po tis\u00edcilet\u00ed. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":643,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[244],"tags":[57,65,63,27,61,67,69,59],"class_list":["post-640","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2020-2","tag-diploidie","tag-expanze","tag-invaze","tag-kopriva-dvoudoma","tag-luzni-les","tag-urtica-dioica","tag-urtica-kioviensis","tag-zahave-chlupy"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/640","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=640"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/640\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1017,"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/640\/revisions\/1017"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/643"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=640"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=640"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ibot.cas.cz\/botanika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=640"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}